防水卷材铺设，这些施工细节你都做对了吗？

Have you done all the construction details for laying waterproof rolls?

防水卷材的铺设方法有多种，常用的为：满粘法、空铺法、点粘法和条粘法。但这几种铺贴方法各有自己的优缺点，适合不同形式屋面及在有一定限制性条件下的防水层铺设。

There are many kinds of laying methods for waterproofing membrane, such as full viscosity method, empty laying method, point sticking method and strip sticking method. However, these methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, suitable for different forms of roof and waterproof laying under certain restrictive conditions.

一、防水卷材铺设前，先了解防水卷材施工细部构造

First, before waterproofing membrane is laid, first understand the details of waterproofing membrane construction.

屋面防水工程节点一般多而复杂。不同的构造、形式和材料，设计不尽相同。众多的节点包括:屋面檐口、天沟、水落口、泛水、压顶以及防水工程的变形缝、分格缝、穿过防水层管道、预埋件、出入孔、施工缝、地漏和防水层的收头等等。

Roofing waterproof engineering joints are generally and complex. Different structures, forms and materials are different in design. Many of the nodes include: roof eaves, gutter, water drop mouth, water, pressure top and deformation joints of waterproofing, split seam, waterproof layer pipe, embedded parts, entry holes, construction joints, floor drain and waterproof layer.

二、防水卷材铺设的各种方法利弊分析

Two, the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of waterproofing membrane laying

一般来说，在选用铺设方法时要优先考虑空铺法、点粘法和条粘法。因为屋面受地基变形，结构荷载，温差变形，找平层及防水层收缩变形等因素的影响，若防水层与基层满粘的话，其适应变形的能力差，防水层常被拉裂破坏。解决这一问题的办法无非是提高卷材的延伸率，减少结构变形和改变铺贴工艺，而改变铺贴施工工艺最为简便易行。空铺法、点粘法、条粘法和机械固定法等工艺使防水层与基层尽量脱开，防水层有足够的长度参加应变，对解决防水层被拉裂起到了良好的效果。

Generally speaking, priority should be given to the empty laying method, the point sticking method and the strip sticking method when selecting the laying method. Because the roof is affected by the deformation of the foundation, the structural load, the temperature difference, the leveling and the shrinkage and deformation of the waterproof layer, if the waterproof layer is full with the base, its ability to adapt to the deformation is poor, and the waterproof layer is often cracked. The solution to this problem is to improve the elongation of the rolling material, reduce the deformation of the structure and change the paving technology, and it is the most convenient and easy to change the paving construction technology. The waterproofing layer is removed from the base as far as possible, and the waterproof layer has enough length to take part in the strain. It has played a good effect on the solution of the waterproof layer.

满粘法粘贴防水卷材的最大优点是卷材与基层粘贴牢固。主要适合以下几种情况：

The biggest advantage of sticking full waterproof method is waterproof material. It is mainly suitable for the following cases:

（1）风力强劲的地区：满粘法粘贴避免了卷材被风抓起撕裂的可能。虽然也可以空铺，然后在卷材上面覆盖重物，如铺设小型混凝土板或铺设一道砾石层来解决卷材被风撕裂。但无疑增加了成本(如材料本身以及屋面荷载加大，屋面板增厚等)。

(1) strong wind area: full sticky paste avoids the possibility that the coil is torn by wind. It can also be laid empty and then covered with heavy objects, such as small concrete slabs or a layer of gravel, to resolve wind tearing. But there is no doubt that the cost will increase, for example, the material itself and the load on the roof, the thickening of the roof panels, etc.

（2）坡屋面：满粘的卷材与基层结合牢固，避免了卷材的向下滑落。虽然也可以采用机械固定的方法来固定卷材，但因不能全面固定，所以还会遇到上面所提到的卷材被风刮起的缺陷。

(2) sloping roof: the full sticky coil is firmly combined with the base layer to avoid the downward sliding of the coiled material. Although the mechanical fixed method can also be used to fix the rolling material, but because it can not be fully fixed, it will also meet the above mentioned rolling material is blown by the wind defects.

（3）需要在防水层上频繁地进行其他工种施工作业的情况：如在屋面上设计有彩钢坡屋顶。通常情况下是在彩钢坡屋顶没有安装彩钢板前，铺设防水卷材(因安装彩钢板后，钢结构屋顶内十分黑暗，虽可人工照明，但空间狭小，不利于施工)。在安装彩钢板时，施工作业人员要频繁踩踏卷材，难免要对防水层造成破坏，而满粘的卷材在一定程度上可以承受这种外力的冲击，而不至于移位，接缝撕裂。

(3) The need for frequent construction of other types of work on the waterproof layer: such as the design of roof with coloured steel slope. Usually, waterproofing rolls are laid before the roof of coloured steel slope is installed. After the installation of color steel plates, the steel structure is very dark in the roof, although it can be artificially illuminated, but the space is small and is not conducive to construction. In the installation of color steel plate, the construction workers must frequently tread rolling material, it is unavoidable to cause damage to the waterproof layer, and the full sticky material can bear the impact of this external force to a certain extent, and not displaced and tear.

如前所述，空铺法和条(点)粘法的优点在于它很好地克服了由于结构变形所产生的应力的破坏，同时也降低了劳动强度，省时省力(粘贴量减少)。而缺点也正是它不适合坡屋面、风力强劲的地区以及防水层铺设后要承受施工作业所产生的外力作用的情况。

As mentioned earlier, the advantage of the hollow method and the stick (point) method is that it overcomes the stress damage caused by the structural deformation, but also reduces the labor intensity, time and labor (less sticker amount). The disadvantage is that it is not suitable for sloping roofs, strong wind areas and waterproof layers to withstand the external forces generated by construction operations.

实际上，空铺法和条(点)粘法施工中也用到了满粘法——卷材周边800毫米范围内要满粘。在满粘法施工中，同样要用到空铺法。

In fact, the full sticky method is used in the construction of empty paving and bar (point) sticking method, which is full of sticky around 800 mm in the circumjacent area. In the full sticky construction, the empty paving method is also used.

卷材屋面防水层要求基层有较好的结构整体性和刚度，由于找平层收缩和温差影响，水泥砂浆找平层应该设置分隔缝，使找平层裂缝集中于分隔缝中，减少找平层大面积开裂的可能。为避免卷材在分隔缝处被撕裂，在采用满粘法铺设卷材时，在分隔缝处卷材要空铺，最好再增加一道干铺的卷材条，将分隔缝盖住，且与基层和上面卷材都不粘贴在一起，否则只是增加了局部卷材层的厚度而已。

The waterproof layer of the rolled roof requires a better structure and stiffness. Due to the effect of the shrinkage and temperature difference in the leveling layer, the partition seam should be set up in the leveling layer of cement mortar, so that the cracks in the leveling layer should be concentrated in the seams to reduce the possibility of large area cracking of the leveling layer. In order to avoid the tearing of the rolled material at the seams, the coiling material at the separation seam should be empty when the full stick method is used. It is better to add a dry rolled strip, cover the seams, and not stick together with the base and the top rolls, otherwise it only increases the thickness of the local coiling layer.

在实际施工中要充分考虑各种铺贴方法的利与弊，取长补短，综合运用，以达到最佳防水效果。

In the actual construction, we should fully consider the advantages and disadvantages of various paving methods, take advantages to make up for disadvantages, and use them comprehensively to achieve the best waterproof effect.

三、防水卷材铺设实例

Three. An example of waterproof roll material laying

1>热熔法施工（APP/SBS改性沥青防水卷材）

1> hot melt method (APP/SBS modified asphalt waterproofing membrane)

（1） 施工工具：汽油喷灯（3.5升）、滑轮、刷子、压子、剪子、卷尺、扫帚等。

(1) construction tools: gasoline torch (3.5 liters), pulley, brush, press, scissors, tape measure, broom and so on.

（2）基层处理：基层为水泥砂浆找平层，基层必须坚实平整，不能有松动、起鼓、面层凸起或粗糙不平等现象，否则必须进行处理。

(2) grass-roots treatment: the grass-roots level is cement mortar leveling layer, the base must be solid and smooth, can not have loose, drum, surface uplift or rough unequal phenomenon, otherwise it must be treated.

（3）基层必须干燥，含水率要求在9％以内，测试时在基层表面放一块卷材，经3—5h后如其下表面基本无水珠时即可施工。

(3) the base must be dry and the water content is within 9%. When the test is tested, a piece of rolled material is placed on the surface of the base. After 3 - 5h, the construction can be made when the surface of the lower surface is basically without water.

（4）在施工前要认真清扫基层表面上残留的水泥砂浆残渣、灰尘及杂物，然后涂刷底油，要求涂刷均匀一致，一次涂好，干燥8h以上（以气温而定，不粘脚为宜）。

(4) before construction, we should carefully clean up residual cement mortar residue, dust and sundries on the surface of the base, and then paint the bottom oil, which requires uniform and uniform painting, once coated and dry 8h above (the temperature is fixed, no sticky feet are suitable).

（5） 复杂部位处理：阴阳角部位均应做成八字形，对女儿墙、管根、烟筒、排气孔及落水口、伸缩缝等拐角部位均应做附加层，一般宽为30cm，搭接为6—8cm。

(5) the treatment of complex parts: the corner of the Yin and Yang should be made into eight characters. The corner of the parapet, Guan Gen, the chimney, the vent, the water outlet and the expansion joint should be added to the corner. The general width is 30cm, and the lap is 6 - 8cm.

（6）卷材铺贴：铺贴卷材前，要量好要施工的防水面积，然后根据材料尺寸合理使用材料，从最低处开始铺贴，先将卷材按位置放正，长边

(6) coiled material paving: before placing the material, we should measure the waterproof area to be constructed well, then use the material reasonably according to the size of the material, and start paving from the lowest point. First, the material is placed in position and long side by position.