一、防水工程工作重点、难点分析及实施
1. Key points of waterproof engineering, analysis and implementation of difficulties

 
渗漏是建筑工程常见质量通病，也是影响用户正常使用的主要问题，本工程在防水设防上，虽然采取了较为可靠的设计，但如何将这些防水设计严格按规范施工，并达到预期效果，这是我们工作的重点之一。
Leakage is a common quality common fault, building engineering is also the major problems affecting the user normal use, this project on the waterproof fortification, although adopted a more reliable design, but how these waterproof design construction in strict accordance with the specification, and achieve the desired effect, this is one of the focus of our work.

 
1、工程的防水工程重点包括以下部分：
1. The project's waterproof engineering focuses on the following parts:

 
地下室工程的防水
The basement works waterproof

 
屋面工程的防水
Waterproofing of roofing works

 
卫生间防水
Bathroom waterproofing

 
外墙防水
Exterior wall waterproof

 
2、防水工程质量控制的一般要点
2. General point of quality control of waterproof engineering

 
(1) 从事建筑防水工程施工的企业必须具有防水专业施工资质证书，监理应对其企业资格及人员资格进行审查确认。
(1) enterprises engaged in construction waterproof construction shall have the qualification certificate of waterproof professional construction, and the supervision shall be subject to the examination and approval of their enterprise qualification and personnel qualification.

 
(2) 根据防水要求编制施工方案或技术措施，其内容包括施工程序和工段划分、施工工艺、技术措施、质量标准、成品保护等，施工方案或技术措施应报监理批准，要求总包单位在进场前对操作班组进行技术交底。
(2) according to the requirement of waterproof construction scheme and technical measures, the content including the construction procedures and section division, construction technology, technical measures, quality standards, product protection, etc., construction scheme and technical measures should be submitted to the approval of supervision, requested the package unit before approach to technical clarificaiton operation team.

 
(3) 严格防水材料的进场报验程序和见证送检制度，经检验合格的防水材料才准予用于工程。
(3) the entry and inspection procedures of strict waterproofing materials and witness delivery inspection system shall be approved for the project by qualified waterproof materials.

 
(4) 防水工程施工过程中应执行自检、互检、交接检及工序检查等制度，严格执行从基层、防水层到保护层的逐层隐蔽检查验收制度。
(4) the system of self-inspection, mutual inspection, handover inspection and procedure inspection should be carried out during the construction of waterproof engineering, and the inspection and acceptance system shall be strictly implemented from the base level, the waterproof layer to the protective layer.

 
(5) 防水层的基层必须坚固、平整、干净、不起砂、不起皮。涂胶防水层及嵌填密封材料的基层必须干燥。
(5) the base of the waterproof layer must be strong, smooth, clean, and without skin and sand. The base of the coating and sealing materials must be dried.

 
(6) 已施工的柔性防水层进行抽检取样实测检查，确认其厚度(便数)是否符合设计和规范要求。
(6) the flexible waterproof layer has been constructed to conduct sampling inspection and testing to confirm whether the thickness (number) of its thickness conforms to the design and specification requirements.

 
(7) 柔性防水层完成后必须及时做好保护层。保护层施工时，应采取有效的保护措施，避免破坏防水层。
(7) after the flexible waterproof layer is completed, the protective layer must be completed in time. When the protection layer is constructed, effective protective measures should be taken to avoid damaging the waterproof layer.

 
(8) 应避免在已完工的防水层上打眼凿洞，如确需打眼凿洞时，损坏的防水层应重点进行防水密封处理。
(8) it is necessary to avoid drilling holes in the completed waterproof layer. If the hole is to be perforated, the damaged waterproof layer should be treated with the emphasis of waterproof sealing.

 
(9) 对防水节点，如孔口、管道穿孔处、门窗框周边等细部节点予以特别注意，逐处或重点抽查其施工质量。
(9) special attention should be paid to the waterproof nodes, such as holes of holes, perforations of pipes, and peripheral areas of the door window frames.

 
(10) 对防水部位进行蓄水、淋雨等试验，检查其防水性能。
(10) test the waterproof parts by storing water and soaking rain, and check its waterproofing performance.

 
二、地下室工程的防水施工
2. Waterproof construction of basement works

 
对于防空地下室来说，防水质量可以说是工程是否能够达到设计使用功能的决定性因素，任何材料、设计、施工、管理方面的缺陷都会通过渗漏这一特殊的方式表现出来。
For air defense basement, the waterproof quality can be said to be the project can meet the design function of the decisive factor, any material, design, construction, management of defect will show through the special way of leakage.

 
(一)、砼构件引起的渗漏
(1) leakage caused by concrete components

 
1、混凝土蜂窝、麻面、露筋、孔洞等造成地下室渗水，主要原因是配合比不准，坍落度过小，长距离运输和自由入模高度过大，造成混凝土离析；局部钢筋密集或预留洞口的下部混凝土无法进入，振捣不实或漏振，跑模漏浆等。针对以上情况对混凝土应严格计量，搅拌均匀，长距离运输后要进行二次搅拌。对于自由入模高度过高者，应使用串桶滑槽，浇筑应按施工方案分层进行，振捣密实。对于钢筋密集处，可调整石子级配，较大的预留洞下，应预留浇筑口。模板应支设牢固，在混凝土浇筑过程中，应指派专人值班“看模”。
1, honeycomb, pits, concrete cause basement water seepage, holes and so on, the main reason is that mixture ratio, slump through small, long distance transportation and free into the mould height is too big, cause concrete segregation; The lower concrete of the local rebar or the reserved hole can not enter, vibrate the unreal or the leakage, the running mold and so on. For the above conditions, the concrete shall be strictly measured, and the mixing shall be evenly distributed. After long distance transportation, the concrete shall be stirred for a second time. For the free entry height of high - height, the use of the barrel chute, the construction should be carried out according to the construction plan, vibratory compaction. For reinforcing steel bar, it can adjust the stone grading, and the larger reserve hole should be reserved. The template should be set firmly, in the concrete pouring process, should assign special person duty "see model".

 
2、混凝土结构的施工缝也是极易发生渗水的位置，其渗水主要原因为施工缝留设位置不当；施工缝清理不净，新旧混凝土未能很好结合；钢筋过密，混凝土捣实有困难等。防止施工缝部位渗水可采取以下措施：首先施工缝应按规定位置留设，防水薄弱部位及底板上不应留设施工缝，墙板上如必须留设垂直施工缝时，应与变形缝相一致。其次施工缝的留设、清理及新旧混凝土的接浆等应有统一部署，由专人认真细致地做好。还有设计人员在确定钢筋布置位置和墙体厚度时，应考虑方便施工，以保证工程质量。如发现施工缝渗水，可采用防水堵漏技术进行修补。
2. The construction joints of concrete structures are also prone to seepage water. The main reasons for the seepage are improper location of construction joints. The construction seams are not clean, the old and new concrete are not well combined. Reinforced concrete, concrete ramming is difficult to wait. Waterproofing construction joint parts can take the following measures: first of all construction joints shall be in accordance with the provisions, this location, and floor waterproof weak positions should not set up construction joints, siding on vertical construction joints, such as this must be consistent with deformation joints. Secondly, the installation of construction joints, cleaning and the cement of old and new concrete should be deployed in a unified manner. In order to ensure the quality of the project, designers should consider the convenient construction when determining the placement of the reinforcement and the thickness of the wall. If the water seepage can be found in the construction, it can be repaired by waterproof plugging technology.

 
3、混凝土裂缝产生渗漏。混凝土裂缝产生的原因很多，可由于干缩、温度、水泥用量过大或水泥安定性不好等因素引起。防水混凝土所用水泥必须经过检测，杜绝使用安定性不合格的产品，混凝土配合比由试验室提供，并严格控制水泥用量。对于地下室底板等厚大体积的混凝土，应遵守大体积混凝土施工的有关规定，严格控制温度差。设计时应综合考虑诸多不利因素，使结构具有足够的安全度，并合理设置变形缝，以适应结构变形。
3. Concrete cracks produce leakage. There are many reasons for the cracking of concrete, which can be caused by dry shrinkage, temperature, excessive cement dosage or poor cement stability. The cement used for waterproof concrete must be tested to eliminate the use of non-conforming products. The concrete mix ratio is provided by the laboratory, and the cement dosage is strictly controlled. For concrete with thick bulk of basement floor, it is necessary to abide by the relevant regulations of large volume concrete construction and strictly control the temperature difference. The design should take into account many unfavorable factors, make the structure sufficiently safe and reasonable to set the deformation joint to adapt to the structural deformation.

 
4、预埋件部位产生渗漏。产生渗漏的原因有预埋件过密，埋件周围混凝土振捣不密实；在混凝土终凝前碰撞预埋件，使预埋件松动；预埋件铁脚过长，穿透混凝土层，又没按规定焊好止水环；预埋管道自身有裂缝、砂眼等疪病，地下水通过管壁渗漏等。为防止预埋件部位产生渗漏，可采取以下方法：预埋件应有固定措施，预埋件密集处应有施工技术措施，预埋件铁脚应按规定焊好止水环。地下室的管线应尽量设计在地下水位以上，穿墙管道一律设置止水套管，管道与套管采用柔性连接。
4. Leakage of embedded parts. The reasons for leakage are overburied, and the surrounding concrete is not compacted. The embedded parts of the preset shall be loosened before the concrete final setting. The embedded iron foot is too long, the concrete layer is penetrated, and the sealing ring is not welded. The embedded pipe has its own cracks, sand eyes, etc., and the groundwater seeps through the pipe wall. To prevent leakage of embedded parts parts produced, can adopt the following methods: embedded parts should be fixed, embedded parts should be populated place construction technical measures, embedded parts iron feet should be in accordance with the provisions, good welding o-ring seal. The piping in the basement shall be designed to be above the ground level, and the pipe shall be installed with water sleeve, and the pipe and casing shall be flexibly connected.

 
(二)、防水工程引起的渗漏
Leakage caused by waterproofing works

 
地下室防水，常规设计做法为采用柔性防水材料，连续整体外防水设防施工设计方案。外防水主要防水机理为：在防水的同时，对建筑结构砼进行保护。使其免受地下水的侵蚀，造成对地下室室内的污染，增加其建筑物的耐久性，延长建筑物的使用寿命。地下室防水一般采用刚柔——复合防水层。即刚性防水材料和柔性高分子防水涂料的有机结合。刚性防水材料与地下室砼结构的牢固有机结合，渗透其内部，堵塞毛细渗水通道，因其同是水泥基材料，自成一体，互溶互补。柔性防水高弹、密封、整体，真正发挥材料自身的特性，充分利用材料各自的互补性能，达到其永久防水的目的。
The basement is waterproof, and the conventional design method is to adopt flexible waterproof material. The main waterproof mechanism of waterproof is: in the meantime, the construction structure concrete is protected. To protect it from groundwater, to pollute the basement, increase the durability of its buildings, and extend the service life of buildings. The basement waterproof is generally used in a rigid - compound waterproof layer. It is the organic combination of rigid waterproof material and flexible polymer waterproof coating. The rigid waterproof material and the basement concrete structure of solid organic union, penetrate into its interior, clog the capillary water channel, because it is the cement base material, self - integrated, mutually soluble complementary. Flexible waterproof high bullet, sealing and integral, truly play the characteristics of the material itself, make full use of the material's respective complementary performance, achieve its permanent waterproof purpose.

 
1、地下室底板防水。在很多的土建工程中，都取消了附加防水层。认为地下室底板较厚，靠砼自身的抗渗防水就行，无需附加防水层，节省了一大笔资金。且不知这样一来，整个地下室底板常年受到地下水的侵蚀，难免有渗漏点，从而由点及面，全面突破，造成很多地下工程遭到弃用。当然，地下室底板有渗漏点，以现有技术，完全可以进行局部堵漏处理，但由于底板受水侵蚀，其寿命缩短这一事实已是无法挽回的了。根据大量工程的实际经验，底板防水设防，最佳设计为：垫层上设二道三元乙丙卷材或采用焊接的PVC卷材，再在防水层设置隔离保护层，然后再扎钢筋浇筑砼地下室底板。施工时应严格按照规范及设计要求对防水卷材的接缝进行处理。
1. The basement floor is waterproof. In many civil works, additional waterproof layer was removed. It is believed that the basement floor is thicker and the concrete itself is waterproof and waterproof, without the need to attach the waterproof layer, it saves a lot of money. In this way, the whole basement floor has been subjected to the erosion of groundwater all the year round, and the leakage points are unavoidable. Therefore, the ground floor and the surface of the basement have been completely breached, causing many underground projects to be abandoned. Of course, basement floor has seepage point, with existing technology, can do partial leak treatment completely, but because the floor is subjected to water erosion, its life expectancy is shortened that the fact is irreparable. According to a large number of engineering practical experience, floor waterproof fortification, optimal design for: bedding set on two way epdm coiled material or PVC coil, welding in setting isolation layer, waterproof layer again and then steel pouring concrete basement floor. The joints of waterproof rolling materials should be handled strictly in accordance with specifications and design requirements.

 
2、地下室外墙。地下室外墙侧壁防水应与底板的防水整体密封连接，外侧墙上部防水应做至±0.00以下位置，或室外散水以下，或室外地坪以上500mm处。为了方便外墙面的后道工序装饰施工，在室外地坪以上部分不宜采用卷材防水，宜采用聚合物防水材料进行设防。外墙防水，如在潮湿的环境中，宜采用聚合物——水泥基防水材料类进行防水。在能确保基面干燥的情况下，宜采用非水性防水材料或自粘型的防水卷材进行防水。
2. Basement walls. The walls of the basement shall be sealed with the waterproofing of the bottom board, and the outer wall shall be waterproof to the above or below 0.00 or below, or outside the outside of the water, or above 500 mm above the outdoor floor. In order to facilitate the construction of the post-process decoration of the outer wall, the waterproof material should not be used in the above part of the outdoor floor, and the polymer waterproof material should be used for fortification. The outer wall is waterproof, such as in humid environment, appropriate use polymer - cement base waterproof material class to make waterproof. It is advisable to use non-water-based waterproof material or self-adhesive waterproof rolling material to make waterproof when it can ensure the base dry.

 
需注意的问题：
Issues to be noted:

 
⑴刚性防水层  a、所采用的砂浆必须严格按配比拌制。b、基层应仔细抹压密实，使面层坚硬、密实，不得出现龟裂起砂等缺陷。c、阴阳角处的防水层，均应抹成圆角，阴角圆弧R=50mm，阳角圆弧R=10mm。d、加强养护工作，防止早期脱水而影响水泥砂浆的水化反应。
The rigid waterproof layer a and the mortar used shall be strictly proportioning. B. The grass roots should be carefully pressed to make the surface hard and dense, not to be cracked and so on. The waterproof layer of c and yin-yang Angle should be rounded with rounded corners, the circular arc of the Yin Angle and the arc R = 50mm, and the circular arc of the positive Angle is 10mm. D, strengthen maintenance work, prevent early dehydration and affect the hydration reaction of cement mortar.

 
⑵柔性防水层  a、找平层要保证表面抹压密实，转角处应作成圆弧形。b、卷材长短边的搭接长度分别不应小于100mm、150mm，上下两层及相邻卷材的接缝要错开，上下两层不得相互垂直铺贴，转角处和管道处应增设附加层，收头粘结牢固，严禁有皱折、空鼓、起泡、翘边或收头、封门不严等缺陷。
The flexible waterproof layer a, the leveling layer should ensure the surface of the compaction, the corner should be a circular arc. B, coil length of lap length should be not less than 100 mm and 100 mm respectively, two layer and adjacent coil seam to stagger, up and down two floors may not be perpendicular to the shop is stuck, corner and pipeline where should add additional layer, strong head binding, it is forbidden to have buckling, empty drum, foaming, become warped edge, or the defects such as head, FengMen is lax.

 
⑶防水保护层  防水工程施工完毕后，回填过程中防水保护层的保护工作也是比较重要的。柔性防水在回填过程中容易被坚硬的回填物质划伤和破坏，采用合适的保护材料，比如苯板等质地比较柔软的板材，随施工的进展及时对防水进行保护，既可以保证防水质量又可以提高回填工作的进度。
After the construction of waterproof protective coating is completed, it is also important to protect the waterproof layer in the backfill process. Flexible waterproof in the process of the backfill are easy to be hard backfill material scratch and damage, with the protection of the right materials, such as benzene board board texture is soft, along with the progress of the construction of waterproof protection in time, can guarantee the quality of waterproof and can improve the progress of the backfill work.